o Financial Markets and Institutions
o Time Value of Money, Applications and Problem Solving
o Concept of Risk and return
o Stock and Bond valuation
o Financial Markets and Financial Instruments
o Corporate Finance: Cost of Capital, Capital Budgeting
o Financial Forecasting for Short- and Long-term planning
o Financial Accounting concepts, principles, and assumptions according to IFRS
o Understanding the Accounting Cycle
o Understanding Four Financial Statements: Statement of Activities/Income Statement,
Balance Sheet, Statement of Shareholders’ Equity and Statement of Cash Flows
o Understanding the Connections among Financial Statements
o Financial Statements Analysis: Horizontal, Vertical and Ratio Analysis
o Managerial Accounting: Cost Concepts and Classifications, Breakeven Analysis, Budgeting
and Variance Analysis, Cost-Volume-Profit Analysis, Activity-Based Costing.
o Audit Principles and Practice
o Types of Audits: Internal, External Forensic
o International Auditing Standards (ISA)
o Professional and Ethical Requirements
o Legal and Regulatory Framework to conduct Audit Engagements
o Audit Process and Methodology: Audit Planning, Risk Assessment and Materiality
o Internal Controls: Components of Internal Control Systems, Evaluation of Internal
Controls, Testing of Controls
o Audit Reports: Types of Audit Reports, Components of an Audit Report, Auditor’s Opinion
o Investment Fundamentals: Types of Investments (Stocks, Bonds, Mutual Funds, Real
Estate),
o Risk and Return, Portfolio Theory and Diversification
o Securities Markets: Primary and Secondary Markets, Stock Exchanges (PSX), Market Indices
and Indicators
o Investment Analysis and Valuation: Fundamental Analysis, and Valuation Models
o Portfolio Management: Investment Strategies and Styles, Asset Allocation, Performance
Measurement and Evaluation
o Regulation of Securities Markets: Role of Securities and Exchange Commission of Pakistan
(SECP), Insider Trading and Market Manipulation Laws