Field Marshal Ayub Khan became Pakistan’s first military ruler after declaring martial law in 1958, later becoming the President. His rule, which lasted until 1969, is known for authoritarian control, economic growth, and institutional reforms, but also for centralized power and rising regional tensions.

Ayub introduced the 1962 Constitution, replacing the parliamentary system with a presidential form of government. His Basic Democracies System was a grassroots method of governance through indirect elections, designed to legitimize his rule.

Economically, Pakistan saw rapid development during his era, often called the “Decade of Development” (1958–68). Major reforms included:

• Land Reforms (land ceilings, redistribution)

• Industrial growth, especially in West Pakistan

• Establishment of WAPDA, PIDC, and Planning Commission

• Focus on infrastructure and dams (e.g., Mangla Dam)

In foreign policy, Ayub aligned closely with the U.S., joined SEATO and CENTO, and signed the Indus Waters Treaty (1960) with India. However, his handling of the 1965 war with India and the Tashkent Agreement weakened his popularity.

Ayub’s centralized rule, political suppression, and neglect of East Pakistan ultimately led to mass protests and his resignation in 1969, ending a mixed legacy of progress and authoritarianism.